Since it was first established, England has borne witness to many Kings and Queens. They've witnessed conflicts, scandals, court intrigues, and struggles for the throne. These 50 facts will hopefully provide you with more insight into what makes their past so fascinating.
1. Great Men
Only two English monarchs have ever earned the historical epithet “the Great” after their first names. These men are Alfred the Great (849-899 AD) and Cnut the Great (995-1035 AD).
2. Long Live the King
The monarch of England—and the United Kingdom—does not pass away. While generations of people have departed this life while serving as monarch, the system is configured so that when the reigning monarch breathes their last, their heir is immediately sworn in to succeed them. This way, the Royal Standard—AKA the flag associated with the Royal Family—never flies at half-mast, since the king or queen is still alive and well.
Wikimedia Commons, user:shakko
3. Nice Try, Gramps
Despite claiming to be “King of the Anglo-Saxons,” Alfred the Great was never king of all England. The first man to do so was his grandson, Æthelstan. He was first known as “King of the Anglo-Saxons” but eventually claimed the long-coveted “King of the English".
4. Impressive Record
The longest-running dynasty of English history was the Plantagenets. This French/English family governed England from the time Henry II was crowned in 1154 until Richard III's reign ended in 1485. That’s 14 kings over a period of more than 300 years.
5. We Want Your Birth Certificate!
Henry V is one of the most famous kings in the history of England, but for such a well-known and beloved figure, we have no idea when Henry V was born. Two different plausible dates exist for his birth due to an astrologer’s horoscope for Henry, and even that information may simply have been propaganda.
6. A Mad King in the Making
When Henry V's time ended, he had one son with his wife Catherine. This son, also named Henry, would go on to inherit the madness which affected his grandfather, Charles VI. In addition, he was the final Lancaster king to reign over England before the conflict of the Roses resulted in his dethronement and eventual demise under the command of the House of York.
7. “Your Epicness” Wasn’t Around Yet
The words “Your Majesty” seem like common usage to refer to any king, but the term actually began in England. Henry VIII decided that being called “Your Grace” wasn’t enough, as it referred to the fact that he only ruled by the grace of God. When he split from the Catholic Church, he wanted to lead based on his own undeniable right.
Thus, “Majesty” was introduced because of its Latin meaning referring to a divine being rather than just an ordinary king.
8. Those Wacky Cousins…
Following the loss of his son and heir, Henry I of England was compelled to select another successor. He wavered between his nephew, Stephen of Blois, and his daughter, Matilda. Henry I ultimately chose Matilda, but Stephen disputed the choice. Stephen invaded England immediately after Henry's passing, and then declared himself King.
Matilda and Stephen spent a good two decades fighting for the throne, a period known as "The Anarchy."
9. Does it Count?
In the year 1141, amid all the political chaos, Matilda ruled England while in conflict with Stephen. She became the first woman to rule England, despite how short her time on the throne was, and despite the fact that she was never officially crowned. Ultimately, the joke was on Stephen, because Matilda's son would go on to inherit the throne after Stephen's passing.
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10. Gives New Meaning to the Term ‘Poop Deck’
In an instance of close calls in history, the potential King Stephen almost lost his life at the same moment as Henry I's sole son. On November 25, 1120, the unoriginally-named White Ship was taking almost all of Henry’s family and court across the English Channel. The ship sank mid-voyage, leading to the demise of almost everyone on board, including the heir to Henry I.
The only reason Stephen wasn’t also on the ship was because he was allegedly suffering from a bad case of diarrhea. There you have it folks, one of the only times in history where you're lucky to have diarrhea.
11. Not So Great After All
King Richard the Lionheart famously shows up triumphantly at the end of every Robin Hood film, celebrated as the beloved King coming to replace his tax-loving brother, Prince John. In reality, Richard spent less than a year of his life in England. Not only that, Richard’s time Crusading was spent making so many enemies amongst his Christian allies that he had to smuggle himself across Europe just to get back home.
When he was discovered, he was held for ransom by the Holy Roman Emperor, and his mother began a PR campaign about "Good King Richard" to encourage the English populace to accept high taxes to ransom Richard back.
12. He Wasn’t Even in High School??
For such a warlike king, the end of Richard the Lionheart was somewhat less glorious than he probably hoped it would be. While he battled outside of Chalus Castle in France, he was suddenly hit by a crossbow bolt through his shoulder. Richard spent the next two weeks dying from the infection caused by the crossbow wound.
Presumably, he also spent those two weeks doing some serious soul-searching, since the crossbow bolt had been shot at him by a child in the castle.
13. Problems With Parents
Regardless of dynasties or time periods, one thing that nearly all of the English royal families had in common was serious issues between parents and children. In two of the more famous instances, Edward III's father, Edward II, met a mysterious end while his mother took a new lover, Roger Mortimer. Both ruled in Edward III’s name, which Edward III eventually got tired of.
He eventually put his mother under gentle imprisonment and executed Mortimer, presumably right after declaring "you're not my real dad" and storming off to his room.
14. Make Sure They Aren’t Scotch Eggs!
Edward I popularized Easter Eggs. In 1290, Longshanks ordered 450 eggs to be covered in gold leaf as special Easter gifts.
15. That’s an Odd Pet
When James VI of Scotland became James I of England as well—the first of the Stuart Kings—he presumably wanted to make sure that he left a memorable impact on history—he was, after all, following Elizabeth I, perhaps the most famous English monarch of all time. Maybe that's what brought him to keep a pet elephant in St. James’s Park.
The elephant was reportedly provided with a gallon of alcoholic beverage to consume every morning during the winters. We can only hope that it also had its driver’s license taken away until spring.
16. Hopefully it Wasn’t on Backwards
One way that the Stuart dynasty is memorable in the history of England is that it featured the first and only English king to be executed. Charles I was notably dethroned, prosecuted, and executed for treason following the culmination of the internal conflict in England. Executing a king was a big deal, and maybe some people were still a little uncomfortable about it afterward, because they chose to deal with the body in a truly bizarre way.
Charles’ head was sewn back onto his body for burial.
17. Family Feud
William II of England, son of William the Conqueror, met his end while hunting in the New Forest in 1100. While it seemed to be accidental, it's widely believed that he met an untimely end to enable his younger brother, Henry I, to ascend the throne. We'd label this as a tragic event if it weren't for the eerily similar occurrence nearly 30 years earlier, when William's older brother, Richard, met his end under puzzling circumstances while hunting in the New Forest.
Not only that, but Richard’s son, Richard Jr., had met his end in nearly the exact same circumstances just a year before William! We’re starting to think maybe hunting was a poor choice of sport for William II.
18. "Stretch" Wasn’t Royal Enough
You might remember from the film Braveheart that Edward I of England was nicknamed Edward Longshanks, though the movie never really explains why. The reason was that Edward I was famously long-legged and long-armed. In fact, his 6'2" height made him one of the tallest kings in the history of England.
Braveheart ,Paramount Pictures
20. Paranoid, Bro?
Henry VIII loved collecting things, whether it was tapestries or meals during the day. But one thing he loved especially was weaponry. His collection included a total of 6,500 handguns, and a huge battle-axe which lay next to his bed while he slept. We can only imagine what a sight that must have been for his wives.
21. It Runs in the Family
The Stuart dynasty featured two women named Mary who were connected to a foreign monarch coming to England to take the Kingship, whether by force or by prearrangement. The first, Mary Stuart, is better remembered as Mary Queen of Scots, whose son, James VI of Scotland, ascended to be James I of England following the end of Queen Elizabeth I's reign.
The second of these Mary Stuarts was married to her cousin, William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands. William would invade England alongside his wife and lead the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which crowned them both as joint monarchs of England.
Mary Queen of Scots (2018), Focus Features
22. Traitorous Tudors
The Tudor dynasty is maybe the most famous line of English monarchs. It began after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 and concluded with Queen Elizabeth's departure from life in 1603. However, despite their family being distant relatives of King Edward III, it was through an illegitimate female lineage. Thus, in the eyes of Medieval England, the Tudors' claim to the throne barely existed at all.
As a result, Henry VII spent most of his reign defeating rival claimants who saw him as a usurper.
23. No Wonder She Became Bloody Mary
Mary I, commonly known as Bloody Mary, was the eldest child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. She was declared illegitimate when her father divorced her mother and sent her away. But that wasn't even the worst part. Mary and Catherine weren’t allowed to see each other because they refused to acknowledge the new Protestantism or Henry’s new queen, Anne Boleyn.
Mary wasn't even allowed to be present at her mother's funeral following her mother's demise. Safe to say she grew up with a few grudges.
24. Don’t Stop Me Now
Efforts were made to keep the staunchly Catholic Mary away from the English throne, but she couldn't be stopped. Henry VIII's successor, his son Edward VI, did not live long after ascending to the throne. He named Lady Jane Grey as his heir, but Mary was far more popular with the English than Lady Jane. Mary then deposed the would-be monarch and became Queen of England herself.
If you don’t count the short reigns of Jane and Empress Matilda, Mary I was the first Queen Regent of England.
25. History Is Written by the Victors
Mary I only got the nickname of Bloody Mary because of her persecution of Protestants in England. While more than 200 Protestants were indeed burned at the stake, Mary’s reputation for savagery and tyranny was greatly built up by Protestant writers of the time and in later years. Mary's attempts to re-establish Catholicism were entirely undone following her departure from life due to heir scarcity, subsequently paving the way for Elizabeth I to ascend the throne and return Protestantism to prominence.
26. Fashion Frenzy
Before she became the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth lived in penury, after her mother Anne Boleyn’s execution. Her father, Henry VIII, ignored and neglected her so completely that Elizabeth’s guardians had to beg the king for finances to provide Elizabeth with clothes that fit her. Later, when she became queen, Elizabeth collected more than 2,000 dresses for herself, and even that wasn’t enough.
She is accused of taking a dress from one of her maids of honor out of envy when she saw how good it looked.
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), Universal Pictures
27. Progress Through Regress
After the execution of Charles I, England was placed under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, who had helped overthrow the monarchy. One of Cromwell’s decisions was to close all the theatres in England, despite their immense popularity. When the Stuart dynasty was restored after Cromwell's passing, Charles II re-opened the theatres, with a new twist.
For the first time, women could be actresses on stage along with the men.
28. A Friend in a High Place
Charles II was crowned after the Stuart dynasty was restored to power in England, and he decided to have fun with it. He was young, popular, and cemented his image as a hedonistic rogue in power. However, he also provided some more long-lasting contributions to English history. He was a patron of both the arts and sciences, and personally supported Sir Christopher Wren, who would go on to reconstruct London after the Great Fire of 1666.
Charles also founded the Royal Observatory and supported the scientific-focused Royal Society, whose members included Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Sounds like a cool guy!
29. Born in Battle
Just like many kings of England, Edward IV had to fight for his throne, but he managed to go the extra mile by fighting one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on English soil. The Battle of Towton, a conflict between the forces of Edward of York and those faithful to Henry VI, engaged up to 60,000 participants and resulted in 28,000 deaths.
That was the equivalent to 1% of the entire English population at the time!
30. All That Glitters…
Elizabeth I of England presided over a Golden Age in England’s history. Peace and prosperity were the order of the day, and national pride grew to an all-time high under her reign. However, she managed to outlive this Golden Age as the latter part of her rule bore witness to many problems arising. Conflicts with Spain and Ireland caused taxes to increase, which wasn’t helped when harvests fell short of expectations.
Elizabeth descended into a profound personal depression following the loss of several of her closest friends. Ultimately, she departed at the age of 69, leaving no heirs, which concluded the Tudor dynasty.
Elizabeth (1998), Working Title Films
31. Richard the Record-Holder
Richard III of England holds a few records to this day. His rule as king was the shortest reign of all the crowned rulers of England after 1066. He was also the first English king since 1066 to perish on a battlefield. We have yet to determine, however, if he was the only English King ever to be buried in a parking lot—at least, that's where his remains ended up, as was discovered in 2012 in Leicester.
The White Queen, BBC Drama Productions
32. Family Feuds
Henry II of England was not a popular king during his lifetime. In fact, he spent the last years of his life putting down violent rebellions by his own sons against himself or each other. Interestingly, the son who arguably gave him the most grief was Prince Richard (later known as the Lionheart) while his favorite son was Prince John (yes, that Prince John).
John was loyal to his father for a long time until the very end of his life, when he joined Richard in negotiations with the King of France against their father. Their betrayal impacted the king profoundly: it's believed that the shock of John's treachery led to Henry's ultimate deteriorating health and subsequent end.
32. England: Complete Conflict
The Stuart monarchy lost popularity quickly during the reigns of James I and his son, Charles I. Ultimately, the tension reached its breaking point, leading to a conflict between the forces loyal to Parliament and those faithful to the Crown. The English internal conflict resulted in nearly 200,000 men dying on the battlefield or from injuries sustained there.
In other words, 10% of England's total adult population met their demise during the period of internal conflict in England. It was proportionally the most devastating conflict England ever engaged in.
33. Equal Opportunity Execution
In the days when Henry VIII was getting ready to burn all the bridges in the world by divorcing his wife to marry Anne Boleyn, one woman turned to prophesy to stop him. In 1532, a Catholic nun (and mystic) named Elizabeth Barton predicted that if the King married Anne Boleyn, he would meet his demise and face eternal damnation. She was promptly apprehended by the following year and compelled to confess that she had fabricated everything (which, let's be fair, she probably did).
Barton was beheaded for her treason and her head was put on a spike on London Bridge. She remains the only woman in history to have her head decorate the bridge.
34. Awkward Funeral
William the Conqueror was more triumphant during his lifetime than he was posthumously. First, he likely perished after the pommel of his saddle injured him and ruptured his intestines. Not a great look. Then, during his funeral, a man interrupted the proceedings by complaining that the church they were in was built on his family’s lands without giving any compensation in return.
As if that wasn’t bad enough, William’s body had swollen, and couldn’t fit inside the sarcophagus that had been built for him. Attempts to shove him in caused the body to burst, creating an unbearable odor during the rest of the funeral.
35. What Did the Scots Ever Do to You?
Edward I of England, AKA Edward Longshanks, has become known as the mortal enemy of the Scots, but we’re quite confident that that’s exactly how he would have wanted to be remembered. In his own lifetime, he was known as the Hammer of the Scots, and that’s before even getting to mention his utterly disturbing final request.
As Edward laid on his final resting place, he commanded that his body be boiled posthumously, and his skeleton be taken into conflict against the Scots. Sadly(?), his request was not carried out, and this chilling, and admittedly pure metal, episode of history was denied to us. We can only imagine how bitter Edward I's ghost is about that.
Braveheart ,Paramount Pictures
36. Annus Horribilis
The marriages of Queen Elizabeth II’s three divorced children all ended in one tragic year: 1992. Princes Charles and Andrew, and their wives Princess Diana and Sarah, Duchess of York, were dragged through the media by tabloids, which in Britain can be even more sensational than those in the US. The affair between Prince Charles and Camilla Parker-Bowles as well as his wife Princess Diana’s infidelities were much-publicized.
In addition, on November 20, 1992 (the Queen’s wedding anniversary) a fire broke out in Windsor Castle, the Queen’s residence, causing extensive damage. Elizabeth would later refer to 1992 as annus horribilis, Latin for “horrible year”.
37. Top Secret
In 1999, a successful request made under the Freedom of Information Act revealed that the NSA, the major intelligence agency for the United States, had placed Princess Diana under surveillance. Because of national security concerns, the contents of her file cannot be revealed.
38. Who Wants That Attention?
Princes Harry and William were just in their early teens when they woke up to the news that their mother, Princess Diana, had perished in a car crash. In 1997, among the royal family's divided reactions to Diana's passing, it was their grandfather, Prince Philip, who persuaded William and Harry to walk behind her casket. When the young princes were apprehensive, Philip reportedly told his eldest grandson, “If you don’t walk, I think you’ll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?”
At the funeral, Philip, William, Harry, Charles, and Diana’s brother followed the bier all the way from Westminster Abbey to Buckingham Palace, as millions watched.
39. Nice Ink
King George V was a sensitive boy raised to carry the burden of the entire British Empire on his back. But few people know that hidden underneath his proper demeanor and noble regalia was a royal secret: George had a tattoo. Though we might find this shocking today, tattoos were quite popular in England in the 19th century. While he was on a visit to Japan in 1881, George had a local artist give him a blue and red dragon on his arm right before he was scheduled to meet the Emperor. Pretty cool, George.
40. A Family Affair
It’s widely known that, before he married Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII carried out a long affair with Anne’s sister, Mary. Less famously—though more luridly—Henry was said to have also slept with Anne’s mother, Elizabeth.
41. No Love Lost
Anne Boleyn showed no lack of disdain for her predecessor, Catherine of Aragon. She refused to attend Catherine’s funeral, prevented Catherine’s daughter Mary from attending, and spent the day parading around the castle in bright yellow. Rumors swirled that Anne had intimidated Catherine and Mary, and when Catherine met her end, many inferred that Anne had made good on her menacing vow.
42. Heart of Darkness
For its period, the exact reason behind Catherine of Aragon's demise was unclear. Her embalmer observed that her body was in pristine condition, except for her heart, which had turned black. That led some people to whisper about poison. Today, historians generally agree that Catherine succumbed to heart cancer, an assertion that—considering the circumstances of her life—seems rather poetic to be true.
Joannes Corvus, Wikimedia Commons
43. That Didn’t Take Long
The day after Anne Boleyn’s beheading, Henry got engaged to Jane Seymour, Anne Boleyn’s lady in waiting. While she was publicly proclaimed queen, her coronation never went ahead due to an outbreak of plague.
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44. A Notable First
Anne Boleyn is notable for being the first Queen of England to be publicly executed. Once the King's men found her guilty, she was originally sentenced to burn, but Henry VIII ever-so graciously changed it from burning to beheading. He even called in an expert swordsman to carry out the execution instead of using the average axeman.
45. False Charges
Anne Boleyn was accused of adultery with a handful of men, including her brother George. She was also accused of planning to eliminate the king so she could marry one of her lovers. Modern historians concur that the accusations levied against Anne Boleyn, which resulted in her execution, were unfounded and unconvincing, and that Henry ordered her demise primarily because she failed to provide him with any male offspring.
46. Hail Mary
After four days of imprisonment in the Tower of London, Anne Boleyn bundled up a package and gave it to her jailer to deliver to the king. It was a letter; her very last to Henry VIII. In it, she plead for mercy, writing that "never prince had wife more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn." She also begged him to think of their daughter Elizabeth—and made one final heartbreaking request.
She humbly asked that Henry, if she was found guilty, would still spare the lives of her brother and the other men accused of being her lovers. It's a gut-wrenching revelation: at her core, Boleyn was truly selfless. Tragically, her plea didn't work. Boleyn's brother George and the other accused men were executed.
47. Big Brother's Watching
Throughout his reign, Henry VIII was plagued by the scandalous exploits of his younger sister, Margaret Tudor. First, she was widowed in 1513 when her husband was slain by forces commanded by her own sister-in-law. A year later, she eloped with a new man—but the union would soon turn into a living nightmare. When she married the Earl of Angus, she gave up her right to regency in Scotland and had to flee back to England with the help of her brother Henry VIII.
When Margaret returned after a year to be with her husband, she made a disturbing discovery. He was living with another woman in their home.
48. Missing You, Dad
The future Queen Victoria's father, Prince Edward, sadly ceased to live when Victoria was less than one year old. Her mother, as well as her mother's rumored lover, Sir John Conroy, would act as her guardians from then on. Victoria’s childhood was an isolated one. Her mother (also named Victoria) and Sir John Conroy came up with a parenting system that prevented young Victoria from seeing people that weren’t pre-approved by them first.
This system, known as the Kensington System, was done to make Victoria dependent on them, which they hoped would continue into her reign as monarch.
49. Stay Out of My Life!
In order to keep Sir John Conroy in a close and influential position in Victoria’s life, he and Victoria’s mother tried to persuade her to make him her private secretary. Victoria refused every time, however. In fact, when she became queen, she had Conroy “banned from her presence". Honestly, kudos to her!
50. Just in Case
Throughout the long years following the passing of her cherished husband Prince Albert, Queen Victoria continued to mandate that his private quarters in Buckingham Palace be maintained for him, holding onto the possibility of his unlikely return. A bowl of hot water for shaving purposes was always placed in the room, and a new change of clothes was always laid out on the bed.
Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
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